SS Seamless Pipe

Product Details:

Alloy 303 is a non-magnetic, austenitic stainless steel that is not hardenable by heat treatment. It is the free machining modification of the basic 18% chromium / 8% nickel stainless steel. Alloy 303 was specially designed to exhibit improved machinability while maintaining good mechanical and corrosion resistant properties Due to the presence of sulfur in the steel composition, Alloy 303 is the most readily machineable austenitic stainless steel; however, the sulfur addition does lower Alloy 303’s corrosion resistance to below that of Alloy 304. Like other austenitic grades, Alloy 303 demonstrates excellent toughness, although the sulfur does reduce this a little as well.

Alloy 303 is frequently used in applications that require parts to be heavily machined. Some examples include: 

• Nuts and bolts
• Aircraft fittings
• Gears
• Screws
• Shafts
• Electrical switchgear components
• Bushings

Product Details:

Alloy 304L a T-300 series stainless steel austenitic, which has a minimum of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Type 304L has a carbon maximum is 0.030. It is the standard “18/8 stainless” that is commonly found in pans and cooking tools. Alloys 304L is the most versatile and widely used alloy in the stainless steel family. Ideal for a wide variety of home and commercial applications, Alloys 304L exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and has a high ease of fabrication, outstanding formability. The austenitic stainless steels are also considered to be the most weldable of the high-alloy steels and can be welded by all fusion and resistance welding processes.

Applications:

• Alloy 304L Stainless Steel is used in a wide variety of home and commercial applications, including:
• Food processing equipment, particularly in brewing, milk processing.
• Kitchen benches, sinks, troughs, equipment, and appliances
• Architectural trim and molding
• Automotive and aerospace structural use
• Construction material in large buildings
• Chemical containers, including for transport
• Heat exchangers
• Nuts, bolts, screws, and other fasteners in the marine environment
• Dyeing industry
• Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration

Standards:

• ASTM/ASME: S30403
• EURONORM: 1.4303
• AFNOR: Z2 CN 18.10
• DIN: X2 CrNi 19 11

Product Details:

Grade 310, combining excellent high temperature properties with good ductility and weldability, is designed for high temperature service. It resists oxidation in continuous service at temperatures up to 1150 °C provided reducing sulphur gases are not present. It is also used for intermittent service at temperatures up to 1040 °C. Grade 310S (UNS S31008) is used when the application environment involves moist corrodents in a temperature range lower than that which is normally considered "high temperature" service. The lower carbon content of 310S does reduce its high temperature strength compared to 310. Like other austenitic grades these have excellent toughness, even down to cryogenic temperatures, although other grades are normally used in this environment. Grade 310L (and proprietary versions of this grade), is a 0.03% maximum carbon version of 310, sometimes used for very specific corrosive environments, such as urea production.

Key Properties:

• These properties are specified for flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) in ASTM A240/A240M. Similar but not necessarily identical properties are specified for other products such as pipe and bar in their respective specifications.

Corrosion Resistance:

• The high chromium content - intended to increase high temperature properties - also gives these grades good aqueous corrosion resistance. The PRE is approximately 25, and seawater resistance about 22 °C, similar to that of Grade 316. Excellent resistance at normal temperatures, and when in high temperature service exhibits good resistance to oxidising and carburising atmospheres. Resists fuming nitric acid at room temperature and fused nitrates up to 425 °C.
• Subject to stress corrosion cracking but more resistant than Grades 304 or 316.

Heat Resistance:

• Good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service in air at temperatures up to 1040 °C and 1150 °C in continuous service. Good resistance to thermal fatigue and cyclic heating. Widely used where sulphur dioxide gas is encountered at elevated temperatures. Continuous use in 425-860 °C range not recommended due to carbide precipitation, if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is needed, but often performs well in temperatures fluctuating above and below this range.
• Grade 310 is generally used at temperatures starting from about 800 or 900 °C - above the temperatures at which 304H and 321 are effective.

Heat Treatment:

• Solution Treatment (Annealing) - heat to 1040-1150 °C and cool rapidly for maximum corrosion resistance. This treatment is also recommended to restore ductility after each 1000 hours of service above 650 °C, due to long term precipitation of brittle sigma phase.
• These grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment.

Welding:

• Good characteristics suited to all standard methods. Grade 310S electrodes generally recommended for fusion welding. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding of 310 with Grade 310 rods or electrodes.

“Dual Certification”:

• 310 and 310S are sometimes stocked in "Dual Certified" form - mainly in plate and pipe. These items have chemical and mechanical properties complying with both 310 and 310S specifications.

Applications:Typical applications include:

• Furnace parts
• Oil burner parts
• Carburising boxes
• Heat Treatment baskets and jigs
• Heat Exchangers
• Welding filler wire and electrodes

Product Details:

Alloys are often added to steel to increase desired properties. Marine grade stainless steel, called type 316, is resistant to certain types of interactions. There are a variety of different types of 316 stainless steel, including 316 L, F, N, H, and several others. Each is slightly different, and each is used for different purposes.

Qualities of Type 316 Steel:

• Type 316 steel is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel that contains between two and three percent molybdenum.
• The molybdenum content increases corrosion resistance, improves resistance to pitting in chloride ion solutions and increases strength at high temperatures.
• Type 316 grade stainless steel is particularly effective in acidic environments. This grade of steel is effective in protecting against corrosion caused by sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic, formic and tartaric acids, as well as acid sulfates and alkaline chlorides.

316 Steel Used:

• Common uses for type 316 stainless steel include in the construction of exhaust manifolds, furnace parts, heat exchangers, jet engine parts, pharmaceutical and photographic equipment, valve and pump parts, chemical processing equipment, tanks, evaporators, as well as pulp, paper and textile processing equipment and any parts exposed to marine environments.

Qualities of Type 316L Steel:

• Type 316L stainless steel is an extra-low carbon version of the 316 steel alloy. The lower carbon content in 316L minimizes deleterious carbide precipitation as a result of welding. Consequently, 316L is used when welding is required in order to ensure maximum corrosion resistance.
• Physical Properties of Type 316 Steels

Product Details:

Stainless steels are known as high-alloy steels. They consist about 4-30% of chromium. They are classified into martensitic, austenitic, and ferritic steels based on their crystalline structure. Grade 317 stainless steel is a modified version of 316 stainless steel. It has high strength and corrosion resistance. The following datasheet gives more details about grade 317 stainless steel. 

Machinability:

Grade 317 stainless steel is tougher than 304 stainless steel. It is recommended to use chip breakers. Hardenability of this alloy will be reduced if constant feeds and low speeds are used. 

Welding:

Grade 317 stainless steel can be welded using fusion and resistance methods. Oxyacetylene welding method is not preferred for this alloy. AWS E/ER317 or 317L filler metal can be used to obtain good result. 

Hot Working:

Grade 317 stainless steel can be hot worked using all common hot working procedures. It is heated at 1149-1260°C (2100-2300°F). It should not be heated below 927°C (1700°F). Post-work annealing can be done to retain the corrosion resistance property. 

Cold Working:

Stamping, shearing, drawing, and heading can be done successfully. Post-work annealing is performed in order to reduce internal stress. 

Annealing:

Grade 317 stainless steel is annealed at 1010-1121°C (1850-2050°F) followed by cooling. 

Hardening:

Grade 317 stainless steel does not react to heat treatment. It can be hardened by cold working. 

Applications:

Grade 317 stainless steel is used in the following applications: 

Pulping paper

Textile

Chemical equipment

Product Details:

Alloy 310 (UNS S31000) is an austenitic stainless steel developed for use in high temperature corrosion resistant applications. The alloy resists oxidation up to 2010oF (1100oC) under mildly cyclic conditions. Because of its high chromium and moderate nickel content, Alloy 310 is resistant to sulfidation and can also be used in moderately carburizing atmospheres. The more severe carburizing atmospheres of thermal process equipment usually require nickel alloys such as 330 (UNS N08330). Alloy 310 can be utilized in slightly oxidizing, nitriding, cementing and thermal cycling applications, albeit, the maximum service temperature must be reduced. Alloy 310 also finds usage in cryogenic applications with low magnetic permeability and toughness down to -450oF (-268oC). When heated between 1202 – 1742oF (650 – 950oC) the alloy is subject to sigma phase precipitation. A solution annealing treatment at 2012 – 2102oF (1100 – 1150oC) will restore a degree of toughness. 310S (UNS S31008) is the low carbon version of the alloy. It is utilized for ease of fabrication. 310H (UNS S31009) is a high carbon modification developed for enhanced creep resistance. In most instances the grain size and carbon content of the plate can meet both the 310S and 310H requirements. Alloy 310 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. 

Applications:

• Cryogenic Components
• Food Processing
• Furnaces – burners, doors, fans, piping and recuperators
• Fluidized Bed Furnaces – coal combustors, grids, piping, wind boxes
• Ore Processing/Steel Plants – smelter and steel melting equipment, continuous casting equipment
• Petroleum Refining – catalytic recovery systems, flares, recuperators, tube hangers
• Power Generation – coal gasifier internals, pulverized coal burners, tube hangers
• Sintering/Cement Plants – burners, burner shields, feeding and discharging systems, wind boxes
• Thermal Processing – annealing covers and boxes, burner grids, doors, fans, muffles and retorts, recuperators, walking beams

Corrosion Resistance:High Temperature Corrosion:

• The high chromium (25%) and silicon (0.6%) content of Alloy 310 make it more resistant to high temperature corrosion in most in-service environments. Operating temperatures are listed below. Oxidizing conditions (max sulfur content – 2 g/m3) 1922°F (1050°C) continuous service 2012°F (1100°C) peak temperature Oxidizing conditions (max sulfur greater than 2 g/m3) 1742°F (950°C) maximum temperature Low oxygen atmosphere (max sulfur content – 2 g/m3) 1832°F (1000°C) maximum temperature Nitriding or carburizing atmospheres 1562 – 1742°F (850 – 950°C) maximum The alloy does not perform as well as Alloy 600 (UNS N06600) or Alloy 800 (UNS N08800) in reducing, nitriding or carburizing atmospheres, but it does outperform most heat resistant stainless steels in these conditions. Fabrication Data Alloy 310 can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices. Hot Forming Heat uniformly at 1742 – 2192°F (950 – 1200°C). After hot forming a final anneal at 1832 – 2101°F (1000 – 1150°C) followed by rapid quenching is recommended. Cold Forming The alloy is quite ductile and forms in a manner very similar to 316. Cold forming of pieces with long-term exposure to high temperatures is not recommended since the alloy is subject to carbide precipitation and sigma phase precipitants. Welding Alloy 310 can be readily welded by most standard processes including TIG, PLASMA, MIG, SMAW, SAW and FCAW.

Product Details:

Stainless steel grade 430 is a non-hardenable steel containing straight chromium, and belongs to the ferritic group of steels. This steel is known for its good corrosion resistance and formability, coupled with practical mechanical properties. It can be used in certain chemical applications due to its resistance to nitric acid. Grade 430F stainless steel is usually provided in bar form to be used in automatic screw machines. Grade 434 has similar properties as grade 430, although it is a molybdenum-bearing version. The molybdenum content enhances its corrosion resistance. 

Key Properties:

• The following sections will provide the key properties of grade 430 stainless steels coil, sheet and plate - covered under ASTM A240/A240M. 
• All ferritic grades, such as stainless steel grade 430, have excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance. Grade 430 has good corrosion resistance to numerous substances, such as certain organic acids and nitric acid. The corrosion resistance is maximized in well-polished or buffed condition. Its pitting and crevice corrosion resistance is quite similar to that of grade 304. 430F is a high-sulfur free machining grade, and therefore the resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is comparatively lesser than those grades that are non-free machining. 

Heat Resistance:

• Stainless steel grade 430 is capable of resisting oxidation up to 870°C (1598°F) in intermittent usage, and up to 815°C (1499°F) in continuous usage. At room temperature, it has the tendency to become brittle, especially when it has been heated for a long time in the 400-600°C (752-1112°F) range. This issue can be overcome with annealing. 

Heat Treatment:

• Solution annealing can be performed by heating stainless steel grade 430 to 815 - 845°C (1499-1553°F). Then it has to be slow furnace cooled to 600°C (1112°F) and followed by air-cooling in a quick manner - as slow cooling between 540 and 400°C (1004 and 752°F) tends to cause embrittlement. 
• For sub-critical annealing, heating should be performed to 760-815°C (1400-1499°F), followed by air-cooling or water quenching. 
• This stainless steel cannot be hardened by thermal treatment. 

Welding:

• To perform any welding, stainless steel grade 430 has to be pre-heated at 150-200°C (302-392°F). In case of embrittlement in the welded metal, the particular area can be post-weld annealed at 790-815°C (1454-1499°F); however grain refinement will not happen. 
• It is recommended that grade 430, 308L, 309 or 310 filler rod should be used based on the application. 

Machining:

• The machinability of stainless steel grade 430 is a lot easier than standard austenitic steels such as grade 304 - but there is a chance for galling. Lightly drawn bars are easier to machine than bars in the annealed condition. Grade 430F is easy to machine. 

Fabrication:

• Stainless steel grade 430 has a low work hardening rate which enables easy bending and forming. The low ductility rate, however, makes it difficult to perform very rigorous operations. It is possible for grade 430 wire to handle rigorous cold heading. Sub-critical intermediate annealing may be required for extreme cold working. 

Applications:The following are the applications for stainless steel grade 430: 

• Dish washer linings
• Refrigerator cabinet panels
• Element supports and fasteners
• Stove trim rings and chimney liners
• Automotive trim and lashing wires

Product Details:

316Ti (UNS S31635) is a titanium stabilised version of 316 molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel. The 316 alloys are more resistant to general corrosion and pitting/crevice corrosion than the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels such as 304. They also offer higher creep, stress-rupture and tensile strength at elevated temperature. High carbon Alloy 316 stainless steel can be susceptible to sensitisation, the formation of grain boundary chromium carbides at temperatures between approximately 900 and 1500°F (425 to 815°C) which can result in intergranular corrosion. Resistance to sensitisation is achieved in Alloy 316Ti with titanium additions to stabilise the structure against chromium carbide precipitation, which is the source of sensitisation. This stabilisation is achieved by an intermediate temperature heat treatment, during which the titanium reacts with carbon to form titanium carbides. This significantly reduces susceptibility to sensitisation in service by limiting the formation of chromium carbides. Thus, the alloy can be used for extended periods at elevated temperatures without compromising its corrosion resistance. 316Ti has equvilent corrosion resistance to sensitisation as the low carbon version 316L. 

Available tube product forms:

• Straight
• Coiled
• Seamless
• Seam welded, cold redrawn and annealed

Typical Applications:

• Chemical processes
• High temperature
• Automotive
• Control lines

Typical manufacturing specifications:

• ASTM A213
• BS EN 10216 part 5
• Also individual customer specifications.
• Industries predominantly using this grade
• Chemical processes
• Oil and Gas
• Automotive

Technical Data:Mechanical Properties:

• R.p. 0.2% Yield: 30 ksi (min)
• R.p. 0.2% Yield: 205 MPa (min)

Physical Properties (Room Temperature):

• Specific Heat (0-100°C): 500 J.kg-1.°K-1
• Thermal Conductivity: 14.6 W.m -1.°K-1
• Thermal Expansion: 16.5 mm/m/°C
• Modulus Elasticity: 193 GPa
• Electrical Resistivity: 7.4 μohm/cm

Product Details:

301 stainless steel is an austenitic stainless with excellent corrosion resistance. Precision Steel stocks 301 stainless steel in the, 1/4 hard, 1/2 hard, 3/4 hard, full hard, and extra hard tempers.

Standard:

• 301 Stainless Steel is also known as: AISI 301
• ASTM A167
• ASTM A177
• ASTM A554
• ASTM A666
• DIN 1.4310
• MIL S-5059
• QQ S766
• UNS S30100

Other Details:

• Stainless steel 301 is known for its high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Alloy 301 is non-magnetic when annealed however it has the ability to be modified along with its other properties. Because of the versatility of this grade of stainless steel, it makes 301 stainless steel the ideal material for a multitude of applications.

Product Details:

Grade 304 is the standard "18/8" stainless; it is the most versatile and most widely used stainless steel, available in a wider range of products, forms and finishes than any other. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. The balanced austenitic structure of Grade 304 enables it to be severely deep drawn without intermediate annealing, which has made this grade dominant in the manufacture of drawn stainless parts such as sinks, hollow-ware and saucepans. For these applications it is common to use special "304DDQ" (Deep Drawing Quality) variants. Grade 304 is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of components for applications in the industrial, architectural, and transportation fields. Grade 304 also has outstanding welding characteristics. Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections.Grade 304, the low carbon version of 304, does not require post-weld annealing and so is extensively used in heavy gauge components (over about 6mm). Grade 304H with its higher carbon content finds application at elevated temperatures. The austenitic structure also gives these grades excellent toughness, even down to cryogenic temperatures.These properties are specified for flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) in ASTM A240/A240M. Similar but not necessarily identical properties are specified for other products such as pipe and bar in their respective specifications.There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which don't look even slightly believable. If you are going to use a passage of Lorem Ipsum, you need to be sure there isn't anything embarrassing hidden in the middle of text.There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which don't look even slightly believable. If you are going to use a passage of Lorem Ipsum, you need to be sure there isn't anything embarrassing hidden in the middle of text. There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised wordswhich don't look even slightly believable. If you are going to use a passage of Lorem Ipsum.

Heat Resistance:

• Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870 °C and in continuous service to 925 °C. Continuous use of 304 in the 425-860 °C range is not recommended if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is important. Grade 304L is more resistant to carbide precipitation and can be heated into the above temperature range. Grade 304H has higher strength at elevated temperatures so is often used for structural and pressure-containing applications at temperatures above about 500 °C and up to about 800 °C. 304H will become sensitised in the temperature range of 425-860 °C; this is not a problem for high temperature applications, but will result in reduced aqueous corrosion resistance.

Heat Treatment:

• Solution Treatment (Annealing) - Heat to 1010-1120 °C and cool rapidly. These grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment.

Applications:Typical applications include: 

• Food processing equipment, particularly in brewing, milk processing.
• Kitchen benches, sinks, troughs, equipment and appliances
• Architectural panelling, railings & trim
• Chemical containers, including for transport
• Heat Exchangers
• Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration
• Threaded fasteners
• Springs

Product Details:

Alloys 309 and 309S are austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels that are often used for higher temperature applications. Due to their high chromium and nickel content, Alloys 309 and 309S are highly corrosion resistant, have outstanding resistance to oxidation, and excellent heat resistance while providing good strength at room and elevated temperatures. The only significant difference between 309 and 309S is the carbon content. Alloy 309S has a much less carbon composition which minimizes carbide precipitation and improves weldability.

Applications:

• Alloys 309 and 309S are used exclusively for their high temperature oxidation resistance, excellent high temperature strength, along with their resistance to creep deformation and environmental attack. 

Some examples include, but are not limited to: 

Heating elements:

• Aircraft and jet engine parts
• Heat exchangers
• Carburizing annealing products
• Sulfite handling equipment
• Kiln liners
• Boiler baffles
• Refinery and chemical processing equipment
• Auto exhaust parts

Standards:

• UNS S30900/S30908
• ASTM/ASME: UNS S30900/S30908
• EURONORM: FeMi35Cr20Cu4Mo2
• DIN: 2.4660

Product Details:

Manufacturing Process:Stainless steel grade 440A can be easily machined in the annealed condition. Carbide or ceramic tooling is recommended for performing machining. Chip breakers enable easy handling of tough stringy chips. As this steel has the tendency to air harden, welding is not performed; however if it is required, the steel should be preheated to 260°C (500°F) and post-weld treated at 732-760°C (1350-1400°F) for 6 h. This is followed by a slow furnace cooling to avoid cracking. Grade 440A stainless steel is annealed at 843-871°C (1550-1600°F), followed by very slow furnace cooling. For performing hot working, the materials needs to be preheated to 760°C (1400°F) and then slowly increased to 1038-1204°C (1900-2200°F) before proceeding. The material should then be cooled slowly after working and once again cooled at room temperature. Finally it must be annealed fully. This material should not be heated below 927°C (1700°F). For performing tempering, grade 440A should be soaked at 148°C (300°F). Similarly for hardening, the material should be heated slowly to 760°C (1400°F), then soaked at 1010°C (1850°F), finally air or oil cooled. 

Applications:Grade 440A stainless steel is widely used in the following applications: 

• Cutlery
• Bearings
• Gage blocks
• Molds and dies
• Valve components
• Turbine components
• Medical instruments
• Aircraft structural parts
• Knives and measuring instruments

Product Details:

Grade 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing grade, second in importance to 304 amongst the austenitic stainless steels. The molybdenum gives 316 better overall corrosion resistant properties than Grade 304, particularly higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. It is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of parts for applications in the industrial, architectural, and transportation fields. Grade 316 also has outstanding welding characteristics. Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections. Grade 316L, the low carbon version of 316 and is immune from sensitisation (grain boundary carbide precipitation). Thus it is extensively used in heavy gauge welded components (over about 6mm). Grade 316H, with its higher carbon content has application at elevated temperatures, as does stabilised grade 316Ti. The austenitic structure also gives these grades excellent toughness, even down to cryogenic temperatures. 

Key Properties:

• These properties are specified for flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) in ASTM A240/A240M. Similar but not necessarily identical properties are specified for other products such as pipe and bar in their respective specifications. 

Corrosion Resistance:

• Excellent in a range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media - generally more resistant than 304. Subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60 °C. Considered resistant to potable water with up to about 1000 mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing to about 500 mg/L at 60 °C. 316 is usually regarded as the standard “marine grade stainless steel”, but it is not resistant to warm sea water. In many marine environments 316 does exhibit surface corrosion, usually visible as brown staining. This is particularly associated with crevices and rough surface finish. 

Heat Resistance:

• Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870 °C and in continuous service to 925 °C. Continuous use of 316 in the 425-860 °C range is not recommended if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is important. Grade 316L is more resistant to carbide precipitation and can be used in the above temperature range. Grade 316H has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is sometimes used for structural and pressure-containing applications at temperatures above about 500 °C. 

Heat Treatment:

• Solution Treatment (Annealing) - Heat to 1010-1120 °C and cool rapidly. These grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment. 

Welding:

• Excellent weldability by all standard fusion methods, both with and without filler metals. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding of 316 with Grade 316 and 316L with Grade 316L rods or electrodes (or their high silicon equivalents). Heavy welded sections in Grade 316 require post-weld annealing for maximum corrosion resistance. This is not required for 316L. Grade 316Ti may also be used as an alternative to 316 for heavy section welding. 

Applications:Typical applications include: 

• Food preparation equipment particularly in chloride environments.
• Laboratory benches & equipment.
• Coastal architectural panelling, railings & trim.
• Boat fittings.
• Chemical containers, including for transport.
• Heat Exchangers.
• Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration.
• Threaded fasteners.
• Springs.

Product Details:

Stainless steels are high-alloy steels with good corrosion resistance because of large amounts of chromium present in them. About 10% of chromium is present in most stainless steels. Stainless steels are available in three different groups based on their crystalline structure. These groups include martensitic, austenitic and ferritic. The combination of martensitic and ferritic steels forms a fourth group of stainless steels known as precipitation-hardened steels. Grade 440B stainless steel is a high carbon martensitic stainless steel containing good strength, moderate corrosion resistance and ability to obtain and maintain wear resistance and excellent resistance. 

Tempering:

• Grade 440B stainless steel is tempered at 148°C (300°F) to obtain maximum properties and the maximum hardness that can be obtained is RC 58. 

Annealing:

• Grade 440B stainless steel is annealed at 843-871°C (1550-1600°F) and then cooled very slowly in a furnace. 

Cold Working:

• Grade 440B stainless steel can be slightly cold worked by common cold working methods. 

Welding:

• Welding is not generally recommended for grade 440B stainless steel as it tends to harden in air. If this steel grade is welded the recommended temperature is 260°C (500°F) and for the post weld treatment the recommended temperature is 732-760°C (1350-1400°F). The post weld treatment should take place for 6 h and then the material should be cooled slowly in a furnace to avoid cracking. Similar high heat inputs and filler metal should be used during operations. 

Machinability:

• Grade 440B stainless steel is best machined in the annealed condition. Chip breakers are used to handle tough, stringy chips of grade 440B stainless steel. Ceramic or carbide tooling is best suited for this grade 440B stainless steel. 

Hot Working:

• Hot working for grade 440B stainless steel takes place by pre-heating the steel to 760°C (1400°F) which is then followed by slowly increasing the temperature range to 1038-1204°C (1900-2200°F). After the hot working process, the material is then cooled slowly at room temperature followed by complete annealing. 

Hardening:

• Grade 440B stainless steel is heated at 760°C (1400°F), soaked at 1010°C (1850°F) and finally cooled in oil or air. 

Applications:

• Grade 440B stainless steel is used in measuring instruments, gage blocks, cutlery, knives, dies, molds, ball bearings and valve components.

Product Details:

Stainless steels are high-alloy steels which have high corrosion resistance compared to other steels due to the presence of large amounts of chromium. Based on their crystalline structure, they are divided into three types such as ferritic, austenitic, and martensitic steels. Another group of stainless steels are precipitation-hardened steels. They are a combination of martensitic and austenitic steels. Grade 440C stainless steel is a high carbon martensitic stainless steel. It has high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good hardness and wear resistance. The following datasheet gives an overview of grade 440C stainless steel. 

Other Designations:Other designations that are equivalent to grade 440C stainless steel include:

• AMS 5618
• AMS 5630
• AMS 5880
• ASTM A276
• ASTM A314
• ASTM A473
• ASTM A493
• ASTM A580
• DIN 1.4125
• QQ S763
• MIL-S-862
• SAE 51440C
• SAE J405 (51440C)

Fabrication and Heat Treatment:Machinability:

• Grade 440C stainless steel can be machined in the annealed condition. Chip breakers can be used to handle tough and stringy chips. Carbide or ceramic tooling is preferred for this alloy. 

Welding:

• Grade 440C stainless steel is not welded because it can be easily air hardened. To weld this alloy, it should be preheated to 260°C (500°F) and post weld treated at 732-760°C (1350-1400°F) for 6 h followed by slowly cooling in the furnace to prevent cracking. 

Hot Working:

• Grade 440C stainless steel is pre-heated at 760°C (1400°F). Temperature can be increased up to 1038-1204°C (1900-2200°F). It should not be heated below 927°C (1700°F). It is then slowly cooled at room temperature and fully annealed. 

Cold Working:

• Grade 440C stainless steel is slightly cold workable using common practices. 

Annealing:

• Grade 440C stainless steel is annealed at 843-871°C (1550-1600°F) followed by slowly cooling in the furnace. 

Tempering:

• Grade 440C stainless steel can be tempered by soaking at 148°C (300°F). 

Hardening:

• Grade 440C stainless steel can be hardened by heating at 760°C (1400°F). Temperature can be increased up to 1010°C (1850°F) followed by cooling in air or oil. 

Applications:Grade 440C stainless steel is used in the following applications: 

• Gage blocks
• Cutlery
• Ball bearings and races
• Molds and dies
• Knives
• Valve components
• Measuring instruments

Product Details:

Product Details:

Product Details:

Grades 321 and 347 are the basic austenitic 18/8 steel (Grade 304) stabilized by Titanium (321) or Niobium (347) additions. These grades are used because they are not sensitive to intergranular corrosion after heating within the carbide precipitation range of 425-850 °C. Grade 321 is the grade of choice for applications in the temperature range of up to about 900 °C, combining high strength, resistance to scaling and phase stability with resistance to subsequent aqueous corrosion. Grade 321H is a modification of 321 with a higher carbon content, to provide improved high temperature strength. A limitation with 321 is that titanium does not transfer well across a high temperature arc, so is not recommended as a welding consumable. In this case grade 347 is preferred - the niobium performs the same carbide stabilisation task but can be transferred across a welding arc. Grade 347 is therefore the standard consumable for welding 321. Grade 347 is only occasionally used as parent plate material. Like other austenitic grades, 321 and 347 have excellent forming and welding characteristics, are readily brake or roll formed and have outstanding welding characteristics. Post-weld annealing is not required. They also have excellent toughness, even down to cryogenic temperatures. Grade 321 does not polish well, so is not recommended for decorative applications. Grade 304L is more readily available in most product forms, and so is generally used in preference to 321 if the requirement is simply for resistance to intergranular corrosion after welding. However 304L has lower hot strength than 321 and so is not the best choice if the requirement is resistance to an operating environment over about 500 °C. 

Key Properties:

• These properties are specified for flat rolled product (plate, sheet and coil) in ASTM A240/A240M. Similar but not necessarily identical properties are specified for other products such as pipe and bar in their respective  specifications.

Corrosion Resistence:

• Equivalent to Grade 304 in the annealed condition, and superior if a weldment in these grades has not been post-weld annealed or if the application involves service in the 425-900 °C range. Subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 60 °C. Considered resistant to potable water with up to about 200 mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing to about 150 mg/L at 60 °C. 

Heat Resistance:

• Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 900 °C and in continuous service to 925 °C. These grades perform well in the 425-900 °C range, and particularly where subsequent aqueous corrosive conditions are present. 321H has higher hot strength, and is particularly suitable for high temperature structural applications. 

Heat Treatment:

• Stabilising - heat to 870-900 °C for 1 hour per 25mm of thickness and air cool. Stabilisation is recommended for most severe service conditions (above 425 °C) and particularly for material annealed at the upper side of the annealing temperature range. 
• These grades cannot be hardened by thermal treatment. 

Welding:

• Excellent weldability by all standard fusion methods, both with and without filler metals. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding of 321 and 347 with Grade 347 rods or electrodes; high silicon version of 347 is also pre-qualified for welding of 321. 

Applications:

• Aircraft exhaust manifolds 
• Expansion joints 
• Bellow
• Furnace parts 
• Heating element tubing 
• Heat Exchangers 
• Woven or welded screens for high temperature mineral processing 
• Spiral Welded tube for burner pipes and flues

Product Details:

347 stainless steel is a columbium/tantalum stabilized austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel. This material is stabilized against chromium carbide formation by the addition of columbium and tantalum. Since these elements have a stronger affinity for carbon than chromium, columbium-tantalum carbides precipitate within the grains instead of forming at the grain boundaries. 347 should be considered for applications requiring intermittent heating between 800ºF (427ºC) and 1650ºF (899ºC) or for welding under conditions which prevent a post-weld anneal. 347 is non-magnetic. 

Standard Inventory Specifications:

UNS S34700

AMS 5512

AMS 5646

ASTM A 269

ASTM A 276

ASTM A193

ASME SA 269

ASME SA 276

EN 1.4550

PWA-LCS

GE-S400/1000

RR SABRe Edition 2

DFARS Compliant

Common Trade Names:

ATI 347 (™ Allegheny Technologies)

Common Applications of 321 Stainless Steel:

Aircraft collector rings

Aircraft exhaust stacks

Boiler casings

Cabin heaters

Furnace heating elements

Heavy wall welded equipment

Inventory Size Range:

Sheet: 0.018" - 0.130"

Bar: 0.3125" - 8.000"

Product Details:

Grade 420 stainless steel is a high-carbon steel with a minimum chromium content of 12%. Like any other stainless steel, grade 420 can also be hardened through heat treatment. It offers good ductility in its annealed state and excellent corrosion resistance properties when the metal is polished, surface grounded or hardened. This grade has the highest hardness - 50HRC - among all the stainless steel grades with 12% chromium. Stainless steel grades that are similar to grade 420 stainless steels include martensitic steels such as the other versions of grade 420, having vanadium, sulphur and molybdenum in their composition, and the grade 440 series. Non-standard grade 420C has carbon content that is little higher than that of grade 420. Martensitic stainless steels are ones with high hardness and high carbon content. These steels are generally fabricated using methods that require hardening and tempering treatments. The operating conditions of martensitic steels are affected by loss of material’s strength at high temperatures, and decrease in ductility at negative temperatures. 

Key Properties:

• The following properties are mentioned for bar products in ASTM A276. The specification may not necessarily be similar for other forms, such as forgings and plate. 

Corrosion Resistence:

• Under hardened conditions, grade 420 steels are resistant to fresh water, alkalis, air, foods and mild acids. The steel grades with a smooth surface finish have excellent performance. The corrosion resistance properties of grade 420 will tend to fall under annealed conditions. The corrosion resistance of grade 420 is lower than that of the grade 430 Ferritic alloys with 17% chromium, grade 410 steels and other austenitic grades. 
• This steel grade finds application in cutlery such as carving knives, table knives and so on. Grade 420 steels have good corrosion resistance against food, but continuous exposure of metals to unwashed food substances can lead to pitting corrosion. 

Heat Resistance:

• Grade 420 stainless steels have a scaling resistance at temperatures of up to 650°C. However, temperatures above standard tempering temperature are not suitable for this grade. 

Heat Treatment:

• Annealing – Grade 420 stainless steels can be heated at temperatures from 840 to 900°C, followed by slow furnace cooling at 600°C and then air-cooling. 
• Process Anneal – Grade 420 can be annealed at 735 to 785°C and air-cooled. 
• Hardening – This process involves heating grade 420 steels at 980 to 1035°C, followed by air or oil quenching. Oil quenching is usually preferred for heavy metal sections. Tempering is performed at 150 to 370°C to achieve high hardness and good mechanical properties. Grade 420 should not be tempered between 425 and 600°C. 

Welding:

• Grade 420 stainless steels are welded using welding rods, coated with grade 420 metals, to achieve high-strength joints. During the process, steels are pre-heated at 150 to 320°C and post-heated to 610 to 760°C. In the “as welded” condition, parts are welded using grade 309 filler rods to achieve ductile joints. However, grade 309 electrodes or rods are recommended for welding grade 420 steels by AS 1554.6. 

Machining:

• Grade 420 steels can be easily machined in their annealed state, but they are difficult to machine having a hardness greater than 30HRC. One of the most readily available machined alternatives is the free-machining grade 416 steels. 

Applications:The key applications of grade 420 stainless steels include: 

• Shear blades
• Needle valves
• Surgical equipment
• Cutlery

Product Details:

Alloy 317L is a molybdenum containing, low carbon austenitic stainless steel with increased additions of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum for better corrosion resistance and increased resistance to chemical attack for sulfurous, acetic, formic, citric, and tartaric acids. Due to its low carbon content, 317L also provides resistance to sensitization when welded and higher creep, stress to rupture, and tensile strength at elevated temperatures. It is non-magnetic in the annealed condition but may become slightly magnetic after welding. 

Applications:

• Alloy 317L is commonly used to handle sulfur, pulp, acid dyestuffs, acetylating and nitrating mixtures, bleaching solutions, severe coal and oil, and many chemical compounds. Some other applications that use alloy 317L include: 
• Paper and pulp handling equipment
• Chemical and petrochemical processing equipment
• Condensers in fossil and nuclear fueled power generation stations
• Food processing equipment
• Textile equipment

Standards:

• Alloy 317L
• ASTM/ASME: UNS N08020
• EURONORM: FeMi35Cr20Cu4Mo2
• DIN: 2.4660

Product Details:

Grade 431 stainless steels are martensitic, heat-treatable grades with excellent corrosion resistance, torque strength, high toughness and tensile properties. All these properties make them ideal for bolt and shaft applications. These steels, however, cannot be cold-worked owing to their high yield strength, hence they are suitable for operations such as spinning, deep drawing, bending or cold heading. Fabrication of martensitic steels is generally carried out using techniques that allow hardening and tempering treatments and poor weldability. The corrosion resistance properties of grade 431 steels are lower than that of austenitic grades. The operations of grade 431 are limited by their loss of strength at high temperatures, due to over-tempering, and loss of ductility at negative temperatures. 

Key Properties:

• The specified properties are for bar products in ASTM A276. The properties may not be necessarily similar to other forms such as forgings and plates. 
• Grade 431 stainless steels have considerable resistance to salt water, but they are less resistant to tropical water when compared to that of grade 316 steels. Grade 431 steels have overall corrosion resistance similar to, or slightly lower than, that of grade 304 steels. 
• Grade 431 steels with a smooth surface finish perform well in tempered and hardened conditions. 

Heat Resistance:

• Grade 431 steels are resistant to scaling at temperatures of 925°C in intermittent conditions, and 870°C during continuous operations. In general, these steels are not to be used at temperatures above standard tempering temperatures, owing to loss of mechanical properties. 

Heat Treatment:

• Full anneal — Full annealing cannot be performed on grade 431 steels. This grade gets hardened even during slow cooling. 
• Process anneal — Grade 431 steels are heated to 620 to 660°C and then air-cooled. 
• Grade 431 steels are generally hardened by heating at temperatures from 980 to 1065°C, holding for nearly ½ h, followed by oil or air quenching. Complex or hardened parts of grade 431 steels can be pre-heated to temperatures from 760 to 790°C and tempered, to improve their mechanical properties. Tempering of these steels at 425 to 600°C should be avoided, owing to the loss of impact toughness at this temperature range. 

Welding:

• Welding of grade 431 stainless steels is difficult due to the chances of cracking. It is recommended to pre-heat the materials to 200 - 300°C before welding, and carry out post-weld heat treatment at 650°C. Welding can be performed using grade 410 filler rods, but ductile welds can be achieved using grades 308L, 309 or 310 steels. 

Machining:

• Grade 431 steels can be easily machined in their annealed state. However, it is extremely difficult to machine these steels if they are hardened above 30HRC. 

Applications:Typical applications of grade 431 stainless steels include the following: 

• Laboratory equipment
• Marine systems
• Beater bars
• Pump and propeller shafts
• Nuts and bolts